Summary
Torpedo 1
Is there any eyewitness testimony from 7th century for Mecca being the Holy City for Arabs?
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Torpedo 2
Is there any archaeological evidence from the 7th century for Mecca being the Holy City for the Arabs?
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Torpedo 3
Are there any written sources from 7th century for Mecca being the Holy City of the Arabs?
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Torpedo 4
Does Quran support Mecca being the Holy City for the Arabs?
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Torpedo 5
Is there any other evidence for Mecca being the Holy City for the Arabs?
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Conclusion
Mecca was NOT the Holy City for the Arabs in the 7th Century
Footnotes
- Shoemaker, Stephen. ‘Creating the Quran’ 2022, Chapter 6
- Shoemaker, Stephen. ‘Creating the Quran’ 2022, Chapter 7
- Nevo and Cohen. ‘Crossroads to Islam’ 2003 p13, 67-69
- Gibson, Dan. “Quranic Geography” 2011 p325
- Popp, Volker. ‘Early Islam’ 2013, p167
- Kerr, Robert. ‘The Language of the Koran’ 2013,
- Map created by Lienhardt Holle in 1482 using Ptolemy
- Gibson, Dan. Quranic Geography, 2011 p 224
- Crone and Cook. ‘Hagarism’ 1977,p22)
- Shoemaker Stephen, Creating the Quran 2022, Chapter 4 and Crone and Cook. “Hagarism’ 1977, p22
- Crone, Patricia. ‘Meccan Trade and the rise of Islam’ 1987, p 134-136
- Shoemaker, Stephen. ‘Creating the Quran’, Chapter 9
- Gibson, Dan. Quranic Geography 2011, p 221-34
- Ibid chapters 3-8
- Ibid chapter 9
- Ibid chapters 10-13
- Gibson, Dan. Quranic Geography 2011, p303
- Shoemaker, Stephen. Creating the Quran 2022 p238-240
- Crone, Patricia. Meccan Trade and Rise of Islam. 1987, p24
- Gibson, Dan, Quranic Geography 2011 p292
- Gibson, Dan. Early Islamic Qiblas 2017 p7
- Crone, Patricia. Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, 1987 p196-8
- Andrews, Pat. ‘The History of Sunni Hadith, 2024
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